Jetniphit Srisinghasongkram; Patison Palee; Tawachai Monum; Sukon Prasitwattanaseree; Anak Iamaroon & Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh

Craniofacial superimposition has been a good forensic tool for human identification when primary identifiers such as DNA, fingerprints, or dental records are not present for human identification. Herein, a semi-automated method combines real-coded genetic algorithm and landmark-based optimization applied to 30 male and 40 female skull–face pairs. For accuracy, mean square error (MSE), area, and distance were evaluated in two landmark sets (nine and seventeen points). The nine-landmark set achieved better and more consistent findings (41.11 % among males; 38.33 % among females) than the seventeen-landmark set (40 % and 34.16 %, respectively). Area-based assessment showed the lowest value of difference and the highest accuracy, specifically with females, and MANOVA demonstrated significant differences only with males at the mandibular and zygomatic landmarks. Based on these results, a smaller set of landmarks, but more appropriate ones, increases both accuracy and computational efficiency, while area-based metrics are the most significant. Considering the limitations of two-dimensional data, however, the technique remains feasible in resource-constrained settings, supporting craniofacial superimposition as a reliable form of forensic identification.

KEY WORDS: Craniofacial superimposition; Skull; Forensic anthropology; Genetic algorithm.

SRISINGHASONGKRAM, J.; PALEE, P.; MONUM, T.; PRASITWATTANASEREE, S.; IAMAROON, A. & MAHAKKANUKRAUH, P. The Effectiveness of craniometric landmarks-facial landmarks for craniofacial superimposition using genetic algorithm in a Thai population. Int. J. Morphol., 44(1):121-129, 2026.