Beyza Özcan; Sema Polat; Çagatay Bölgen; Mahmut Öksüzler & Pınar Göker

The study aimed to evaluate the humeri and glenoid cavity anatomically and radiologically, from a morphometric perspective, in healthy Turkish individuals, and to determine reference values specific to the Turkish population by analyzing the possible relationships between these structures and the effects of demographic variables. A total of 190 healthy individuals (80 males, 110 females) between the ages of 20 and 60 years with available Computed Tomography images were examined. Possible relationships between the morphometry of the caput humeri and glenoid cavity in healthy Turkish individuals were evaluated, and morphometric measurements of these structures were also correlated with demographic variables. Frontal humeri diameter, humeri length, humeri inclination, humeri radius, sagittal humeri diameter, axial humeri diameter, glenoidalis height, glenoidalis Mid-Width, glenoidalis superior width, glenoidalis inferior width, glenoidalis radius of curvature, critical shoulder angle, glenoidalis inclination, and glenoidalis version were measured. Morphometric measurements of the glenoid cavity and caput humeri demonstrated significant correlations with demographic variables. When the scapula and related structures were evaluated across age groups, significant age-related changes were observed in the following parameters: humeri inclination, humeri diameter in the axial plane, glenoidalis inclination, radius of curvature of the glenoid cavity, and critical shoulder angle (p<0.05). Significant sex-related differences were observed in humeral and glenoid cavity measurements, except for caput humeri inclination, critical shoulder angle, and glenoid cavity version, with higher values in males, whereas axial configuration parameters showed no significant difference between sexes (p>0.05). The results of the study contribute to the normative measurements of these anatomical structures and can be used as reference data in clinical practice, particularly in shoulder surgery and prosthetic planning. Careful analysis of parameters such as scapular inclination and scapulothoracic angle, when assessing the spatial orientation of the glenoid, has been given to be critical for improving surgical outcomes.

ÖZCAN, B.; POLAT, S.; BÖLGEN, C.; ÖKSÜZLER, M. & GÖKER, P. Anatomical and radiological-morphometric evaluation of the head of humerus and glenoid fossa in healthy individuals. Int. J. Morphol., 44(2):720-729, 2026.