The study of dental morphology is important in dentistry, particularly in endodontics. Previous reports have documented considerable variability, which is mainly attributed to ethnicity. The aim of this study was to analyze the maxillary first premolars of a Mexican Maya and non-Maya population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Observational, retrospective, cross- sectional study using cone beam computed tomography from the Department of Radiology at the Autonomous University of Yucatán. A total of 442 CBCT scans were included that had both maxillary first premolars that met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were organized and analyzed using Chi2. Inthisanalysis66.52% (588/884)weresingle-rooted; 33.14 % (293/884) were double-rooted, and 0.33 % (3/884) were triple-rooted. The presence of two canals predominated in the sample. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between the Maya and non-Maya groups. Vertucci type I predominated internally and the frequency  of bilateral root symmetry was 86.65 %. Previously reported data related to the number of roots and canals, as well as internal distribution and bilateral root symmetry in the dental literature, correspond to the global distribution of populations according to ethnicity reported in the anthropological literature. The canals of the single-rooted maxillary first premolars vary more than the multi-rooted ones. The reported differences are attributed to techniques, geographical distribution, and ethnicity. The presence of a single root, two canals, and Vertucci type I predominated. Single-rooted first premolars showed greater variability, while 100 % of multi-rooted teeth had a single canal in each root. Bilateral root symmetry was high. Statistically significant differences were found between the Maya and non-Maya groups.