Qisheng Liu; Shaobing Dai; Yaohua Guo; Qixuan Li; Ni Wang; Bing Yan; Xinyue Li; Yaqian Chen; Jianping Wu; Hao Jiang; Yutong Gan; Yitong Gao & Yurong Liu

Neural circuits, serving as the fundamental framework for brain functioning, intricately regulate cognitive processes, emotional responses, and behavioral patterns, thus playing a pivotal role in comprehending the complexity of the brain. However, the extreme complexity and exquisite refinement of their internal structures pose big challenges to direct observation and in-depth analysis. In this context, the Fluorescent Micro-Optical Sectioning Tomography (fMOST) has emerged as a game-changer, harnessing its exceptional high-resolution three-dimensional imaging capabilities to pave an unprecedented path for research on neural circuit. This review provides a thorough overview of the historical evolution of the fMOST technology, tracing the development from its initial conceptualization to the current state of mature applications, along with the remarkable technological leaps and breakthroughs witnessed at each step. Additionally, the review delves into several prominent fMOST technological branches, each of which excels in enhancing the imaging quality and expanding the observation scope, collectively pushing the boundaries of neuroscientific research. Crucially, this article underscores the central role of fMOST in dissecting neuronal networks and elucidating the mechanisms of neural circuits, particularly its unique contribution in exploring the potential links between the abnormalities in neural circuit and different brain diseases. By integrating the latest research findings, this review further anticipates the broad application prospects of the fMOST technology in future neuroscientific endeavors and how it would continue to guide us in delving deeper into the mysteries of the brain.

KEY WORDS: Neural circuits; fMOST; Whole-Brain imaging; Neuron three-dimensional reconstruction.

LIU, Q.; DAI, S.; GUO, Y.; LI, Q.; WANG, N.; YAN, B.; LI, X.; CHEN, Y.; WU, J.; JIANG, H.; GAN, Y.; GAO, Y. & LIU, Y.Fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) to study neural circuits in mice. Int. J. Morphol., 43(4):1163-1172, 2025.